The dedicated chapter on extreme events covers “temperature extremes, heavy precipitation and pluvial floods, river floods, droughts, storms (including tropical cyclones), as well as compound events”. The last of these describes a situation where two or more weather events – not necessarily extreme by themselves – occur together or in succession, leading to more severe impacts.

For AR6, the report concludes that it is an “established fact” that human-caused emissions of greenhouse gases “have led to an increased frequency and/or intensity of some weather and climate extremes”.