The Spiritual Franciscans were pronounced heretics and were executed for rebelling against the Pope who ruled that Saint Francis' Testament not be binding. In the revelations of Joachim of Fiore, those who criticized the papacy, the corrupt clergy, and the conspicuous rich found their voice. Widely circulated throughout late medieval Europe and England, Joachim's texts articulated the opposition to the abuses of organized religion, and provided the terminology necessary to indict the notoriously corrupt bureaucracy of the medieval Catholic Church. The spiritually revealed dispensational system of Joachim of Fiore is the grandfather of modern dispensationalism.